Six strains of bacteria include Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Fusobacteria, make up 94% of the oral bacteria community, while the major fungal population includes Candida species followed by Cladosporium spp., Aureobasidium spp., and Saccharomycetales in healthy cases. Bacterial and fungal are primary microbiota communities of the oral cavity. Furthermore, oxygen availability and consuming different food with acidic or alkaline pH can influence oral organism's growth pattern. Temperature (37☌), saliva pH (6.5-7), and humidity of the oral cavity make an appropriate environment for microorganism survival and maintenance. Various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, are colonized in the oral cavity and termed oral microbiota.
The oral cavity can be considered as the main route of entry for different pathogens. Respiratory Bacterial and Fungal Microbiota Subgingival plaque: Obsidian Pool OP11, TM7, Deferribacteres, Spirochaetes, Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, C. Supragingival plaque: Firmicutes and Actinobacteria (genus Corynebacterium and Actinomyces) Tooth crown: Firmicutes (genus Streptococcus and Veillonella) Streptococcus, Prevotella, Neisseria, Fusobacterium, Veillonellaįirmicutes (genus Streptococcus and Veillonella), Bacteroidetes (genus Prevotella), and Betaproteobacteria (genus Neisseriaceae) Proteobacteria (genus Acinetobacter, Haemophilus, Moraxella), Firmicutes ( Streptococcus, Granulicatella, Gemella)įirmicutes ( Streptococcus sanguinis, S. mitis, Actinomyces naeslundii, Haemophilus spp., Rothia mucilaginosa Tongue dorsum: Streptococcus salivarius, S. Lactobacillales, Gemellaįront two-thirds of the tongue: Streptococcus mutans Pasteurellaceae, Mogibacterium Veillonella, Catonella Prevotella, Uncl. As mentioned before, microbial communities are found throughout the human body there are specialized bacterial communities in certain regions of the respiratory system that are believed to play a significant role in preserving human health. Typically, these microbes are commensal or mutualists, and they help to digest food and even provide immunity. The microbiome plays an essential role in human physiology, and it is considered an important factor for the maintenance of human health. The predominant human oral microbiota is summarized in Table 1.
These microorganisms are known as the human microbiota. Īt the infancy age, various bacteria, fungi, and viruses colonize in the skin, oral cavity, and gut.
In some patients, common symptoms include headache, nausea, and vomiting, and diarrhea is also reported. SARS-CoV-2 infection can be asymptomatic or can cause a wide spectrum of signs and symptoms: fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ failure, and death. The ACE2 is expressed in the esophagus, lungs, liver, and intestinal epithelium. The SARS-CoV-2 can exploit the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for priming Spike (S) protein. The SARS-CoV-2 belongs to betacoronavirus genera and phylogenetically is relevant to SARS-CoV.
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as a novel coronavirus, is spreading from China and is known to be the etiologic agent for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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